Financial systems around the globe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Affirmative Action Essays (3618 words) - Social Inequality

Governmental policy regarding minorities in society Essays (3618 words) - Social Inequality Governmental policy regarding minorities in society Proposal: Albeit numerous individuals accept that governmental policy regarding minorities in society is a type of bigotry, it is really used to assist minorities with discovering work in an in any case supremacist world. ?In the United States, fairness is a repetitive subject. It has flared into an intense good issue at urgent phases of American history: The progressive and Jacksonian Period, and the New Deal. In every period, the authenticity of American culture is tested by some arrangement of individuals discontent with the level of fairness? (Verba and Orren). Following the Civil War, Congress passed various laws intended to put previous slaves on an equivalent level with white individuals. The Fourteenth Amendment made the freedmen resident and restricted states from implementing any law which removed the privliges of any resident, denying men of life, freedom, or property without fair treatment of the law, or prevented men equivalent insurance from claiming the laws. In 1875, Republican lion's share in Congress, mindful that recreation would before long end, passed a common right act to make sure about by law similarity to correspondence for Black Americans (Urofsky 19). Many white Americans truly didn't care for the possibility of equity for the Black Freedmen. ?Gideon Welles, who had been winning assumption when he wrote in 1871: ?Thank God subjection is annulled, however the Negro isn't, and never can be the equivalent of the white man. He is of a second rate race and should consistently remain so(Urofsky 23). The preeminent court con curred and in 1883 passed the Civil Rights act which weakened a lot of th! e assurance of the Fourteenth Amendment. Equity Joseph Bradely deciphered the authorization arrangement of the correction as carefully medicinal; ?congress has the ability to cure an oppressive state law, yet couldn't find a way to shield blacks from different types of partiality? (Urofsky 21). Because of this choice, the government made no move to battle bigotry in the nation until the subsequent universal war (Urofsky 22). Since disdain kept on expanding inside the dark networks and as a result of the danger of a walk on Washington, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave an official request on June 25, 1941. This request guided African Americans to be acknowledged into work preparing programs in safeguard plants. The request additionally expressed that segregation would not be excepted by businesses holding protection contracts. It likewise set up a reasonable business practice commissions to examine charges of racial segregation. Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower kept on authorizing reasonable work enactment after Roosevelt?s arrangements since Congress was reluctant to do as such. In 1954, the incomparable court choice Brown v. Leading group of Education constrained the two places of Congress and the official office to make some positive strides for social equality. In January 1961, John F. Kennedy got down to business. Very quickly Roy Wilkins of the NAACP called for activity to advance work open doors for African Americans. John F. Kennedy reacted with official request 10925, which made a presidential commission on equivalent business opportunity; it likewise ordered government contractual workers to take ?Affirmative Action? to guarantee that there would be no segregation by ?race, belief, shading or nationality.? This was not the first occasion when that the administration requested it own temporary workers not exclusively to keep away from segregation, yet to find a way to change the impacts of separation in the public eye. Sometimes temporary workers were approached to pay representatives accomplishing comparable work, a similar measure of pay. Without congressional activity an official request could just keep going so long, and in 1963 Kennedy made sure about entry of the Equal Pay Act. The Equal Pay Act denied businesses from paying ladies not as much as men for a similar work. ?A brief timeframe later because of the death of kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson required the section of the Civil Rights Bill as a dedication to the late president kennedy. Lyndon B. Johnson ably guided and extended forms of kennedy?s proposition through the house and senate. The Civil Rights Act was marked into law July 2, 1964. Title VII of the demonstration restricted work separation dependent on ?race, shading, sex, and nationality,? it additionally made a changeless equivalent business opportunity commission to uphold its arrangements. The demonstration additionally just because included commitments not to separate to private workers, trade guilds, and legislative agencies.(Urofsky

Classification Essay Model

Classification Essay ModelClassification essay sample and exercises are a great way to show how your writing style fits into the kind of essay that you want to write. It will help you as you get better and more familiar with how your writing goes together with your chosen essay topic. The essay models and exercises are there to help you hone your skills at that.In order to learn how to use the assignment and model essay, it is important to begin by understanding the goals of the class assignment itself. This could be a study guide or class exercise, all of which will aim to be a helpful guide to you in getting to the next level of your writing career. However, whether you are actually a writer or not, the essay writing is always an art in itself. And writing and editing are two entirely different things.There are a lot of things that need to go on the page for your essay to be finished. Of course the most important thing for any essay to do is the writing part of it. All the other as pects of the essay need to follow as well.Many times, when there is a lot going on in the paper, it will seem that the essay has a lot more in it than it actually does. The words alone can turn out to be over or under written. So many times it takes a little extra time and patience to polish your writing.A classification essay model is a great way to start getting used to the writing style for your essays. Not only will it help you learn how to edit better, but it will also show you how much to trust your skills with your writing style. This is an essential part of what you learn as you go through the class essay and models.Even if you do not have the skills to read well, reading well is not enough to become a good reader. You will still need to edit your own work as well. For example, if you are worried about your grammar, try to use more definitions and less wordy statements. One of the most effective and easy ways to learn how to edit your own work is to write out and review your essay or model every once in a while.Writing is only one aspect of what goes into a class assignment. Your essay needs to be able to stand on its own, as well as compliment the rest of the composition. A good classification essay model can help you with that.

Risk Management System ( Name Rms ) - 1678 Words

10. Risk Management 10.1 Name Risk Management System (Name RMS) Name Risk Management System (Name RMS) aims to effectively and efficiently manage and assess all the critical risks due to both external and internal factors with the suitable action plans on specific risks, which gives the least possible adverse effects to the customers and company. The holistic framework of the system includes 4 key steps: risk planning, risk assessment, risk handling and risk monitoring showed in Figure 1. Figure 1: Name RMS process layout1 10.2 Risk Planning The project manager such as the product creator in Name Company takes the responsibility of reviewing the risk assessment documents and tracking the progress of control measures with†¦show more content†¦The PESTEL analysis model is firstly applied to identify the external risks from the light switch products which impact the surrounding business environment. The PESTEL model includes 5 different aspects of external risk factors such as Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal. To complete the risk identification, the internal risks is required to consider by understanding 4 key areas to the company like Strength, Weakness, Threats and Opportunities in the SWOT analysis model. By thinking the company’s internal factors such as Strength and Weakness and finding out the potential external factors such as Opportunities and threats from the environment to the company, help to establish better mitigation measures and strategies to prevent uncertainties events and serious consequences to occur in short term and future. Both of the model results can be found in Appendix. The risk register spreadsheet tool called Circa RiskCom spreadsheet tool is employed for a good and detailed risk assessment table which is shown in Appendix. It combines the both analysis models with residual risk assessment and evaluation of control strategy costs. The risks are split into 3 categories like L– Least, M–Medium and H–Highest for assessing the likelihood and severity consequences of each key risk. 10.3.2 Risk Analysis From the risk

John Locke and Thomas Hobbes Essay - 1077 Words

John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both believe that men are equal in the state of nature, but their individual opinions about equality lead them to propose fundamentally different methods of proper civil governance. Locke argues that the correct form of civil government should be concerned with the common good of the people, and defend the citizenry’s rights to life, health, liberty, and personal possessions. Hobbes argues that the proper form of civil government must have an overarching ruler governing the people in order to avoid the state of war. I agree with Locke’s argument because it is necessary for a civil government to properly care for its citizens, which in turn prevents the state of war from occurring in society. Locke also has a†¦show more content†¦Hobbes states that the proper form of civil government must have a supreme ruler governing the people in order to avoid the state of war. He believes that the goal of the people is to escape the state of war , and that they are willing to transfer their rights in order to leave it. â€Å"Whensoever a man transfers his right, or renounces it; it is either in consideration of some right reciprocally transferred to himself; or for some other good he hopes for thereby. For it is a voluntary act: and of the voluntary acts of every man, the object is some good to himself.†3 He believes that all men are equal in the state of nature despite any preexisting differences between them because they are ultimately powerful enough to defend themselves and their resources. â€Å"Nature hath made men so equal, in the faculties of the body, and mind; so that though there be found one man sometime manifestly stronger in body, or of quicker mind than another; yetShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes886 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscuss the differences in political theories expressed by both John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. In, Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes, and in, The Second Treatise of Government, by John Locke different theories of political legitimacy and definitions of the state of nature are described. The following paragraphs analyze multiple different points that are imperative to understanding these political theories. In the reading, Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes discusses what human existence is in the state of nature andRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke911 Words   |  4 Pagessocial contract theory, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke established many of the founding ideals that contemporary Liberalism is based on. While the shared many similar positions, there are some key distinctions to be made between the arguments Hobbes and Locke make in Leviathan and Second Treatise of Civil Government, respectively. In this paper I will argue the differences between how each of them viewed the right of the subjects to revolt from the sovereign. Thomas Hobbes published his most famousRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesEifling-Question 4 Hobbes and Locke During and after the English Revolution, a few philosophers expressed different views on their philosophical outlook and life experiences. Some of the most outstanding thinkers include Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. They had opposing views on governance matters, but the two, also, had striking similarities. In addition, the two represented an increasingly modernized European population that despised absolute kingship. Both Hobbes and Locke proposed a conceptionRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes1287 Words   |  6 Pagesknow how to balance and consider the nature of humankind and their rights. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were both political philosophers who developed theories about how the government should work. They set up their theories around The Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes had a similar goal, their beliefs and opinions were definitely not the same. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both believed in the Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. They both developedRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1346 Words   |  6 PagesContracts Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English political philosophers, who have had a lasting impact on modern political science. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both spent much of their lives attempting to identify the best form of government. Locke and Hobbes were among the most prominent of theorists when it came to social contract and human rights. A Social Contract is an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, are the twoRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke928 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is no formed society, government, laws, safety, etc. both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke take this into perspective while introducing a political view. As illustrated by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels, they proposed political views on how human nature can prosper. Initially, Thomas Hobbes introduces a concept on the state of nature and its effects as well as how peace can be achieved. In Leviathan, Hobbes defines what living in a state of nature would be like and theRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke888 Words   |  4 Pagesare very similar but diverge in the moments that solidify their stance on their opinion. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke is both political scientist who have made strides in the area of social contracts and share being natural law theorist also. Locke and all other natural law theorists assumed that man was by nature a social animal and there fore struck contracts with each other to secure safety among them. Hobbes assumed differently, thus his verdicts are very different from other natural law theoristsRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1494 Words   |  6 Pages1) Thomas Hobbes and John Locke share the basic assumption that a theory based off of abstract individualism, consent, sovereignty and reason will produce a peaceful and productive society. This theory is the liberal political theory, which is the philosophy of individual rights and a limited government. Both Hobbes and Locke both center the majority of their ideas off of how people’s lives should be based off of nature rights instead of natural law. This being said, people are also subject to theRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1426 Words   |  6 PagesBy the second half of the 17th Century, England would experience one of the bloodiest conflicts in its history, ultimately serving to influence some of the most phenomenal political philosophers in Europe --Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke. England was in constant unrest, choosing new forms of government almost on a whim in desperate attempts to restore order in the Country. The English Civil War in 1642 etched a legacy of drea d in the people of England, and the war only appeared more disastrous andRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmajority. The following pages show how modern social contract theory especially that of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, grew into the divisive issue it is in contemporary political philosophy. Modern social contract theory can trace its roots to prominent thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. It is their thoughts on social contracts that lie at the center of the many spheres we are a part of. For Hobbes and Locke, social contract theory sought to analyze the relationship between rulers and the ruled

Documentation for Related Literature free essay sample

Maintaining a wide assortment without spreading the rapidly moving items too thin, 2) Increasing inventory turnover without sacrificing service, 3) Keeping stock low without sacrificing performance , ) Obtaining lower prices by making volume purchases, 5) Maintaining an adequate inventory without an excess of obsolete items. Anyone in business must understand the business of inventory. Below is a look at six different inventory systems as well as a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages. Wal-Mart Inventory System Wal-Mart runs its stores on a perpetual inventory system. This system recordsthe quantity of items sold as items are purchased. The computer system at Wal-Mart constantly keeps up with additions or deductions from inventory and tells management what items are on hand. The organization also conducts counts of employee manual counts of inventory periodically. When an item arrives at the Wal-Mart distribution center it is scanned into the inventory system. When the items are purchased by the consumer, the point-of-sale system reduces the inventory from that purchase. We will write a custom essay sample on Documentation for Related Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Wal-Mart’s Gail Lavielle, a leaner inventory will help clear out store clutter and help Wal-Mart focus on specific brands and products that consumers want (The Associated Press, 2006). Advantages and Disadvantages of the Wal-Mart Inventory System The advantages of a perpetual inventory system are that inventory is quickly updated in real-time, which gives a constant picture of the inventory status. With this data, inventory counts will be more accurate and allow one to keep up with demand Student Information System (SIS) is a web-based application software designed to introduce a conducive and structured information exchange environment for integrating students, parents, teachers and the administration of a school or college. Some of the other software packages available for this purpose include Student Management System (SMS), Student Information Management System (SIMS) and Student Records System (SRS). These software systems enable educational institutions to supervise student-related activities such as keeping records of tests or examinations conducted, attendance, appraisal on performance including details of marks scored, particulars of everyday school attendance, and all other institution-related activities; in short, they provide a complete student records system. They are designed with diverse application potentials ranging from simple management of students’ records at school to management of all student-related functions as well as administrativefunctions of a university or a chain of educational establishments. History Much of the software used in erstwhile student information systems and school administration worked on an outdated code base and had a curious mix of presentation, business sense, and data accessibility. It was impossible and often expensive to modify these systems to cater to future demands. Some of the early initiative software programs such as WebCT, SCT Campus Pipeline, Jetspeed, and Blackboard merely enabled interactions between students and teachers for academic purposes and served only as a student information system. The advantage of having a student management system was missing as it was not possible to integrate any of the campus-based activities within these systems. Most often, student data were kept strewn in multiple locations, making it difficult to construe and project. Educational institutions were looking for a web-based solution such as a student information management

Spanish Orthography Essay Example

Spanish Orthography Essay The Spanish language is written using the  Spanish alphabet, which is the  Latin alphabet  with one additional letter,  ene  ? n? , for a total of 27 letters. [1]Although the letters ? k? and ? w? re part of the alphabet, they appear only in  loanwords  such as  karate,  kilo,  waterpolo  and  wolframio  tungsten. Each letter has a single official name according to the  Real Academia Espanolas new 2010 Common Orthography,[1]  but in some regions alternative traditional names coexist as explained below. Spanish Alphabet| Letter| A| B| C1| D| E| F| G| H| I| Name| a| be, be larga| ce| de| e| efe| ge| hache| i| IPA| /a/| /b/| /k/,  /? /2| /d/| /e/| /f/| /? /,  /x/| silent3| /i/| Letter| J| K| L| M| N| N| O| P| Q| Name| jota| ka| ele| eme| ene| ene| o| pe| cu| IPA| /x/| /k/| /l/4| /m/| /n/| /? | /o/| /p/| /k/5| Letter| R6| S| T| U| V| W| X| Y| Z| Name| erre| ese| te| u| ve, uve, ve corta| uve doble, ve doble, doble ve, doble u[2]| equis| i griega, ye| zet a| IPA| /? /,  /r/| /s/| /t/| /u/| /b/| /? w/,/b/| /ks/,  /x/,  /s/| /? /,  /i/| /? /2| ^1The sequence ? ch? represents the affricate  /t? /. The digraph was formerly treated as a single letter, called  che. ^2  The phonemes  /? /  and  /s/  have merged in many dialects; see  ceceo. ^3  With the exception of some loanwords:  hamster,  hachis,  hawaiano, which have /x/. ^4  When ? l? is written double (e. g. calle), it represents the  palatal lateral  /?   in a few dialects; but in most dialects—because of the historical merger called  yeismo—it, like the letter ? y? , represents the phoneme  /? /. ^5  Used only in the digraph ? qu?. ^6  The digraph ? rr? , which only appears between vowels, represents the trill  [r]. For details on Spanish pronunciation, see  Spanish phonology  and  Wikipedia:IPA for Spanish. When  acute accent  and diaeresis marks are used on vowels ? a e i o u u? they are considered variants of the plain vowel letters, but ? n? is considered a separate letter from ? n?. This makes a difference when sorting alphabetically; ? n? appears in dictionaries after ? ?.For example, in a Spanish dictionary  pinata  comes after  pinza. There are five digraphs: ? ch? (che  /  ce hache), ? ll? (elle  /  doble ele), ? rr? (doble erre), ? gu? (ge u) and ? qu? (cu u). [3]  While  che  and  elle  were formerly considered separate letters,[1]  in 1994 the tenth congress of the  Association of Spanish Language Academies  agreed to  alphabetize  ? ch? and ? ll? as ordinary pairs of letters in the dictionary by request of  UNESCO  and other international organizations. Thus ? ch? now comes between ? cg? and ? ci? , instead of being alphabetized between ? c? and ? d? as was formerly done. 4]  Despite their former status as separate letters of the alphabet, ? ch? and ? ll? have always been correctly capitalized as two Latin letters. The word  chillon   in a text written in all caps is  CHILLON, not *ChILlON, and if it is the first word of a sentence, it is written  Chillon, not *CHillon. Sometimes one finds  lifts  (elevators) with buttons marked *LLamar, but this double capitalization has always been incorrect according toRAE  rules. In Spanish text, the letters are ranked from most to least common ? E A O S R N I D L C T U M P B G V Y Q H F Z J N X W K? ,[5]  and the vowels take around 45% of the text.Alternative names[edit] Be and uve[1] The letters ? b? and ? v? were originally simply known as  be  and  ve. However, there is no longer any distinction between the sounds of these letters—their accepted names are  be  anduve;[6][7]  in some regions, speakers may instead add something to the names to distinguish them. Some  Mexicans  and most  Peruvians  generally say  be grande  /  ve chica  (big B / little V);Argentines, Uruguayans and Chileans,  be larga  /  ve corta  ( long B / short V). Some people give examples of words spelt with the letter; e. g. ,  be de burro  /  ve de vaca  (b as in  burro / v as nvaca);  Colombians  tend to say  be grande  for B and  ve pequena  for V. Regardless of these regional differences, all Spanish-speaking people recognize  be  as the official name of B. Erre[1] The digraph ? rr? is sometimes called  doble erre  or  erre doble. It is sometimes suggested that the name of the letter  r  be  ere  when it is single, and  erre  when it is double, but the dictionary of the  Real Academia Espanola  defines the name of ? r? as  erre. Ere  is considered obsolete. [8]  The name  ere  was used when referring specifically to the  alveolar tap  /? /  and  erre  referring to thealveolar trill  /r/.The two contrast between vowels, with the latter being represented with ? rr? , but the sounds are otherwise in  complementary distribution  so that a single ? r ? may represent either. As a referent to the trill sound rather than the phoneme,  erre  can refer to a single or double ? r?. Doble uve[1] In  America, it is sometimes called  doble ve,  ve doble,  doble uve. Because of the English acculturation, in Colombia and Mexico the letter is usually called  doble u  (like English double u). In Spain it is usually called  uve doble. I Because of its origin, it is occasionally known as  i latina  (Latin ? i? ) to distinguish it from  i griega  (Greek ? ? ). I Griega[1] The most common form in Spain is  i griega, but it has been superseded by  ye, more common in Latin America, in an effort to standardize on a single-word name as opposed to a two-worded one. Using  ye  as the only name for the letter is one of the newest proposed changes specified by the 2010 new common orthography. Its aim is to standardize on a single-word name for this letter. [1] Zeta[1] The variant  ceta, which has the same pronunciation , used to be accepted by RAE, but now it is not. [9]  In older Spanish, it was called  zeda  or  ceda, which are the origin of the word  cedilla, which is also used in English. Orthography[edit] Spanish orthography is such that the pronunciation of most words is unambiguous given their written form; the main exception is the letter ? x? , which usually represents  /ks/  or  /s/, but can also represent  /x/  or  /? /, especially in proper nouns from times of  Old Spanish, as in  Mexico  or  Pedro Ximenez  (both  /x/). These orthographic rules are similar to, but not the same as, those of otherRomance languages  of the  Iberian Peninsula, such as  Portuguese,  Catalan  and  Galician.The converse does not always hold, i. e. for a given pronunciation there may be multiple possible spellings. The main issues are: * the use of both ? b? and ? v? for  /b/; * the use of both ? j? and ? g? for  /x/  before ? e? and ? i? ; * the silent ? h? ; * for the speakers who have merged  /? /  and  /? /, the various use of ? y? , ? ll? or ? hi? in different words; * the use of ? hu? , ? gu? or ? bu? before a vowel for  /w/  (although many speakers distinguish some or all of these combinations) * for speakers not in central and northern Spain, the use ? /z? and ? s? for  /s/; * the occasional use of accents to distinguish two words that sound the same. Consonants[edit] Consonants| Letter| Context| IPA| Examples| English approximation| b  or  v| word-initial after a pause, or after  m  or  n| [b]| bestia; embuste;  vaca; envidia| best| | elsewhere (i. e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than  m  or  n)| [? ]| bebe; obtuso; vivir; curva; mi  bebe; mivaca[10]| between  baby  and  bevy  (like English  v  but using both lips instead of lips and teeth)| c| before  e  or  i| [?   (central and northern Spain) or  [s](elsewhere)  [11]| cereal; encima| thing (central and northern Spain), cereal (elsewhere)| | elsewhere| [k]| casa;  claro; vaca; escudo| scan (unaspirated, i. e. without the puff of air that accompanies English  /k/  at the beginning of a word, e. g. in  can)| ch| everywhere[12]| [t? ]| ocho;  chicharo| church| d| word-initial after a pause, or after  l  or  n| [d]| dedo; cuando; aldaba| dead| | elsewhere| [? ]| dadiva; arder; admirar; midedo; verdad[10]| this| f| everywhere| [f]| fase; cafe| face| g| before  e  or  i| [x] r  [h]| general| loch, or the  ch  in German  Bach; a strong  h-sound| | not before  e  or  i, and either word-initial after a pause, or after  n| [? ]| gato;  grande; vengo| got| | not before  e  or  i, and not in the above contexts| [? ]| trigo; amargo; signo; migato[10]| between a light  go  and  ahold| gu| before  a  or  o, and either word-initial after a pause, or after  n; but only in some dialects| [? w]| guante; lengua| language| | before  a  or  o, and not in the above contexts| [? w]| agua; averiguar[10]| somewhat like  wall| | before  e  or  i, and either word-initial after a pause, or after  n| [? | guerra| got| | before  e  or  i, and not in the above contexts| [? ]| sigue[10]| between a light  go  and  ahold| gu| before  e  or  i, and either word-initial after a pause, or after  n; but only in some dialects| [? w]| pinguino| penguin| | before  e  or  i, and not in the above contexts| [? w]| averigue;  guero[10]| somewhat like  wall| h| everywhere[13]| (silent[14])| hoy;  hacer; prohibir;huevo;  hielo| honor| hi| before a vowel| [? ]| hierba;  hielo| you (but often more strongly pronounced, sometimes resembling  g  in  genre)| hu| before a vowel| [w]| hueso;  huevo| when (sometimes turn to /gw/ or /bw/)| j| everywhere| [x] r  [h]| jamon; eje; reloj;[15]| loch, or the  ch  in German  Bach; a strong  h-sound| k| (only occurs i n a few loanwords)| [k]| kilo| scan (unaspirated, i. e. without the puff of air that accompanies English  /k/  at the beginning of a word, e. g. in  can)| l| everywhere| [l]| lino; alhaja; principal| lean| ll| everywhere| [? ]  in some dialects [? ]  in some dialects| llave; pollo| somewhat like  million  (in some dialects, simplified to a strongly pronounced  you resembling  g  in  genre, both of which in some dialects are distinctly separate)| m| everywhere except word-finally| [m]| madre; comer; campo[16]| mother| | word-final| [n]| album| boon| | everywhere but before other consonants| [n]| nido; anillo; anhelo; sin| need| | before other consonants[16]| [m] [n] [? ] [? ]| convertir mundo enyesar cinco| jumbo under canyon sink| n| everywhere| [? ]| nandu; cabana[16]| roughly like  canyon| p| everywhere| [p]| pozo; topo; esposa| spouse (unaspirated, see above for  /k/)| qu| (usually only occurs before  e  or  i)| [k]| quise| scan (unaspirated, i. e. without the puff of air that accompanies English  /k/  at the beginning of a word, e. g. n  can)| r| word-initial, morpheme-initial,[17]  or after  l,  n  or  s| [r]| rumbo; honra; Israel| trilled r| | elsewhere| [? ]| caro; cabra; bravo; carta; amor| ladder  in  American English| rr| (only occurs between vowels)| [r]| carro| trilled r| s| before a voiced consonant (e. g. l,  m,  d)| [z]| isla; mismo; desde; deshuesar[18]| prison| | everywhere else| [s]| saco; casa; deshora; espita[18]| sack| sh| (in words from English)| [? ]  or  [t? ]| sherpa| shack| t| everywhere| [t]| tamiz; atomo| stand (unaspirated, see above for  /k/)| tl| (mostly from Nahuatl)| [t? | tlapaleria; cenzontle; Popocatepetl| somewhat like  cat-like| tz| (from loanwords)| [ts]| quetzal; Ertzaintza; abertzale; Patzcuaro| cats| w| in words of English origin| [w]| waterpolo| when (sometimes turn to /gw/ or /bw/)| | in words of German origin and in Visigothic names| [b]| wolframio;   Wamba| best| x| between vowels, in most words| [ks]| exacto; taxi| taxi| | word-initially or before a consonant| [ks]  or [s]| xenofobia; extremo[18]| sack| | in some words borrowed from Nahuatl, mostly place names| [x]  or [h]| Mexico; Oaxaca| loch, or the  ch  in German  Bach; a strong  h-sound| | in a few words from Basque, Catalan, etc. | [? ]| Xela| shade| y| as a vowel or semivowel| [i] or  [j]| y, hoy| lee, boy| | as a consonant| [? ]| ya;  yerba; ayuno[10]| you (but often more strongly pronounced, sometimes resembling  g  in  genre)| z| (usually does not occur before  e  or  i)| [? ]  (central and northern Spain) or  [s](elsewhere)[11]| zorro; paz| thing (central and northern Spain), cereal (elsewhere)| Vowels[edit] Vowels| Letter| IPA| Examples| English approximation| a| [a]| azahar| spa| e| [e]| vehemente| bet| i| [i]| dimitir; mio;| see| | | y| | o| [o]| boscoso| between  coat  (American more than British) and  caught| u| [u]| cucuruc ho; duo| food| | Semivowels[19]| IPA| Spelling| Examples| English approximation| [j]| i  before a vowel| aliada; cielo; amplio; ciudad| you| [w]| u  before a vowel (but silent in  qu, also  gu  before an  e  or  i)| cuadro; fuego; Huila[20]  arduo| wine| Special and modified letters[edit] Use of different letters for the same sound| sound| before ? e/i? | elsewhere| /? / or /s/| ? c? or ? z? (in some loanwords) or ? s? | ? z? or ? s? | /k/| ? qu? or ? k? (in some loanwords)| ? c? or ? ? (in some loanwords)| /kw/| ? cu? | /x/| ? g? or ? j? or ? x? (in Mexico)| ? j? or ? x? (in Mexico)| /? /| ? gu? | ? g? | /? w/| ? gu? | ? gu? | The vowels can be marked with an  acute accent  (? a, e, i, o, u? ) for two purposes: to mark  stress  if it does not follow the most common pattern, or to differentiate words that are otherwise spelled identically (called the tilde  diacritica  in Spanish). A silent ? u? is used between ? g? and ? e? or ? i? to indicate a hard ? g? pronunciation, so that ? gue? represents  /? e/  and ? gui? represents  /? i/. The letter ? u? (? u? ith diaeresis,) is used in this context to indicate that the ? u? is not silent, e. g. pinguino  /pin? gwino/. The diaeresis may occur also in Spanish poetry, occasionally, over either vowel of a diphthong, to indicate an irregular disyllabic pronunciation required by the meter (viuda, to be pronounced as three syllables). This is analogous to the use of ? i? innaive  in English. Also a silent ? u? always follows a ? q? when followed by ? e? or ? i? , as in  queso,  quimica, but there is no case for the combination *? qu?. There are no native words in Spanish with the combination ? ua? nor ? quo?. When they appear, usually from Latin idioms such as  statu quo, the ? u? is always pronounced, so ? u? is never needed after ? q?. Prior to the introduction of the 2010 Common Orthography words such as  cuorum  (quorum),  cuasar  (quasar) or  Catar  (Qatar) w ere spelled with ? q? , however this is no longer so. Stress and accentuation[edit] Written Spanish unequivocally marks  stress  through a series of orthographic rules. The default stress is on the penultimate (next-to-last) syllable on words that end in a vowel, ? n? or ? s? nd on the final syllable when the word ends in any consonant other than ? n? or ? s?. Words that do not follow the default stress have an acute accent over the stressed vowel. Unlike Portuguese or Catalan, Spanish rules count most syllables in rising diphthongs, not vowels, to assign written accents. A syllable is of the form  XaXX, where  X  represents a consonant, permissible consonant cluster, or no sound at all, and  a  represents a vowel, diphthong, or triphthong. A diphthong is any sequence of an unstressed  high vowel  (? i? or ? u? ) with another vowel (as in  gracias  or  nautico).And a triphthong is any combination of three vowels beginning and ending with unstressed high vowel s (as in  cambiais  or  buey). Hence Spanish writes  familia  (no accent), while Portuguese and Catalan both put an accent mark on  familia  (all three languages stress the first ? i? ). The letter ? h? is not considered an interruption between vowels (so thatahumar  is considered to have two syllables:  ahu-mar). An accent over the  high vowel  (? i? or ? u? ) of a vowel sequence prevents it from being a diphthong (i. e. , it signals a  hiatus): for example,  tia  and  pais  have two syllables each.A word with final stress is called  oxytone  (or  aguda  in traditional Spanish grammar texts); a word with penultimate stress is called  paroxytone  (llana  or  grave); a word with antepenultimate stress (stress on the third-to-last syllable) is called  proparoxytone  (esdrujula). A word with preantepenultimate stress (on the fourth last syllable) or earlier does not have a common linguistic term in English, but in Spanish receives the name  sobresdrujula. (Spanish words can be stressed only on one of the last three syllables, except in the case of a verb form with  enclitic  pronouns, such asponiendoselo. All proparoxytones and  sobresdrujulas  have a written accent mark. Adjectives spelled with a written accent (such as  facil,  geografico,  cortes) keep the written accent when they are made into adverbs with the  -mente  ending (thus  facilmente,  geograficamente,cortesmente), and do not gain any if they do not have one (thus  libremente  from  libre). In the pronunciation of these adverbs — as with all adverbs in  -mente  Ã¢â‚¬â€ primary stress is on the ending, on the  penultimate syllable. The original stress of the adjective — whether marked, as in  facilmente, or not marked, as in  libremente  Ã¢â‚¬â€ may be manifested as a secondary stress in the adverb.Accentuation of capital letters[edit] Further information:  es:Acentuacion de las mayusculas The Real Academia Espanola indicates that accents should still be written on capitals. [21] Differential accents[edit] Blackboard  used in a university classroom showsstudents efforts at placing ? u? and  acute accent  diacriticused in Spanish orthography. In a number of cases, homonyms are distinguished with written accents on the stressed (or only) syllable: for example,  te  (informal object case of you) vs. te  (tea);  se  (third person reflexive) vs. e  (I know or imperative be);  tu  (informal your) vs. tu  (informal subject case of you). When relative and interrogative pronouns have the same letters (as is often the case), the interrogative pronoun is accented and the relative pronoun is not: ? A donde vas? Where are you going? A donde no puedas encontrarme. Where you cannot find me. The use of  o  is poetic for the vocative:  ? O senor! The use of ? o? for the word  o  (meaning or) is a  hypercorrection. Up until 2010, ? o? was used when applied to numbers:  7 o 9  (7 or 9), to avoid possible confusion with the digit 0.The tenth congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies deemed the use of an accent unnecessary, as typewriting eliminates possible confusion due to the different shapes of ? 0? (zero) and ? o? (the letter). [1] These diacritics are often called  acentos diacriticos  or  tildes diacriticas  in traditional Spanish grammar. Capitalization[edit] Capitalization in Spanish is sparse compared to English. In general, only personal and place names, some abbreviations (e. g. Sr. Lopez, but  senor Lopez), the first word (only) in the title of a book, movie, song, etc. and the first word in a sentence are capitalized, as are names of companies, government bodies, etc. Names of nationalities or languages are not capitalized, nor (in standard style) are days of the week and months of the year. [22] Older conventions[edit] In  Old Spanish, ? x? was used to represent the voiceless palata l sound  /? /  (as in  dixo  he/she said), while ? j? represented the voiced palatal  /? /  (as in  fijo  son). With the  changes of sibilants  in the 16th century, the two sounds merged as  /? /  (later to become velar  /x/), and the letter ? j? as chosen for the single resulting phoneme. When  Cervantes  wrote  Don Quixote  he spelled the name in the old way (and English preserves the ? x? ), but modern editions in Spanish spell it with ? j?. For the use of ? x? in Mexico — and in the name  Mexico  itself — see below. The letter ? c? (c-cedilla) — which was first used in Old Spanish — is now obsolete in Spanish, having merged with ? z? in a process similar to that of ? x? and ? j?. Old Spanish  coracon,cabeca,  fuerca  became modern  corazon,  cabeza,  fuerza. Words formerly spelled with ? ze? or ? zi? such as  catorze,  dezir, and  vezino) are now written with ? ce? and ? ci? (catorce,  decir,  vecino, respectively). The sequences ? ze? and ? zi? do not occur in modern Spanish except some loanwords:  zeugma,  zigurat; some borrowed words have double spellings:  zinc/cinc. [23] The old spellings with ? x? , ? c? , ? ze? , and ? zi? remained in use through the fifteenth century. They were mostly replaced by ? j? , ? z? , ? ce? , and ? ci? , respectively around the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; since the eighteenth century, only the newer forms have been used. 24]  The  first edition  of  Don Quixote  (1605), however, used the conservative spellings. Old Spanish used to distinguish /s/ and /z/ between vowels, and it distinguished them by using ? ss? for the former and ? s? for the latter, e. g. osso  (bear) and  oso  (I dare to). Words spelled in modern Spanish with ? cua? (e. g. cuando,  cuatro, etc. ) were written with ? qua? up until around 1815. [25] In the second half of the 18th century, most double consonants were simplified (e. g. gram matica  Ã‚  gramatica,  addicion  Ã‚  adicion)—but the ? m? of a prefix before the ? m? of a root was differentiated to ? ? (e. g. commover  ;  conmover). And the Graeco-Latin digraphs ? ch? , ? ph? , ? (r)rh? and ? th? were reduced to ? c? , ? f? , ? (r)r? and ? t? , respectively (e. g. christiano  cristiano,  triumpho  Ã‚  triunfo,  myrrha  Ã‚  mirra,  theatro  Ã‚  teatro). The use of accent marks in publishing varies with different historical periods, due mainly to reforms promulgated by the  Spanish Royal Academy. For example, many of the words that are today standardly written with an accent mark appeared more often without it up until around 1880. These include words with final stress ending in  -n  (e. . capitan,  tambien,  jardin,  accion,  comun  Ã¢â‚¬â€ but not future-tense verb forms like  seran,  tendran);[26][27]  verbs in the imperfect tense (e. g. tenia,  vivian);[28]  the possessives  mio  and  mia;[29]à ‚  and the word  dia. [30]  Meanwhile, one-letter words other than the conjunction  y  Ã¢â‚¬â€ namely the preposition  a  and the conjunctions  e  (the form of  y  before an [i] sound),  o, and  u  (form of  o  before [o]) — are generally written with accent marks from the mid-1700s to about 1910. [31][32]  The accent-marked infinitive  oir  begins to outnumber the unaccented form around 1920. 33]  Monosyllabic preterit verb forms such as  dio  and  fue  were usually written with accent marks before the 1950s. [34] The names of numbers in the upper teens and the twenties were originally written as three words (e. g. diez y seis,  veinte y nueve), but nowadays they have come to be spelled predominantly as a single word (e. g. dieciseis,  veintinueve). For the numbers from 21 to 29, the fused forms emerged over the second half of the 19th century. [35]  For those from 16 to 19, the one-word forms took the lead in the 1940s. [ 36]  Fusing of number-names above 30 (e. . treintaicinco,  cuarentaiocho)[37]  is rare. Reform proposals[edit] See also:  Bello orthography In spite of the regular orthography of Spanish (especially when compared to English), there have been several initiatives to  reform its spelling:  Andres Bello  succeeded in making his proposal official in several South American countries, but they later returned to the standard set by the  Real Academia Espanola. [38]  Another initiative, the  Ortografia Fonetika Rasional Ispanoamerikana, remained a curiosity. Juan Ramon Jimenez  proposed changing ? ge? and ? gi? to ? je? and ? i? , but this is only applied in editions of his works or those of his wife,  Zenobia Camprubi. Gabriel Garcia Marquez  raised the issue of reform during a congress at  Zacatecas, most notoriously advocating for the suppression of ? h? , which is mute in Spanish, but, despite his prestige, no serious changes were adopted. The Academies, howev er, from time to time have made minor changes, such as allowing  este  instead of  este  (this one), when there is no possible confusion. Mexican Spanish  convention is to spell certain indigenous words with ? x? rather than the ? ? that would be the standard spelling in Spanish. This is generally due to the origin of the word (or the present pronunciation) containing the  voiceless postalveolar fricative  /? /  sound or another  sibilant  that is not used in modern standard Spanish. The most noticeable word with this feature is  Mexico(see  Toponymy of Mexico). The Real Academia Espanola recommends this spelling. [39]  (The North American Spanish colloquial term  chicano  is shortened from  mechicano, which uses  /t? /  in place of the  /? /  of contra-Madridian/rural Mexican Spanish  /me? i? kano/).